NEW YORK – T’ruah: The Rabbinic Call for Human Rights responded to today’s opinion issued by the International Court of Justice (ICJ), which calls for provisional measures to prevent further death and destruction in Gaza, as well as the immediate and unconditional release of the hostages. T’ruah reiterated its position that all parties, with the support of international actors, must work toward a negotiated ceasefire that would end the Israeli bombing of Gaza as well as Hamas’s missile attacks on Israel, release the hostages, allow sufficient humanitarian aid into Gaza, and bring an end to the war as soon as possible.
Rabbi Jill Jacobs, CEO of T’ruah, said:
“As the Israel-Hamas war drags on and the number of casualties grows, we welcome the opinion of the ICJ calling on Israel to adhere to the obligations of the Genocide Convention and to comply with the provisional measures ordered by the International Criminal Court. We agree that Israel must:
- take all measures within its power to prevent civilian casualties and acts that would violate the Convention;
- prevent and punish incitement to genocide by Israeli officials (a measure supported by former Israeli Supreme Court President Justice Aharon Barak, the ad hoc judge appointed by Israel to the panel at the Hague);
- ensure the transfer of humanitarian aid to Gaza;
- preserve evidence; and
- provide a report on actions taken to comply with these measures within a month.
“We call on Hamas to comply with the order of the ICJ for the immediate and unconditional release of all hostages.
“We reject South Africa’s allegation that Israel is committing the crime of genocide. The specific legal meaning of genocide differs from the colloquial use of the term. The crime of genocide, first defined by Polish-Jewish lawyer Raphael Lemkin in the wake of the Holocaust, has a specific legal definition and requires a high burden of proof. The ICJ did not make any determination today as to whether genocide is being committed, and that was not the purpose of this stage of proceedings. The court’s limited ruling found that there is a plausible case to be considered in future stages of this litigation.
“We do not need to wait for any ruling to tell us that the extent of death and destruction in Gaza is unbearable. Our hearts are broken by reports of over 25,000 Palestinians killed, the majority of them women and children. Parents are unable to feed their children, disease is spreading, and doctors are forced to operate without anesthesia. Nearly 2 million Gazans have been displaced, and even as we write this, nearly half the population of Gaza faces starvation. Meanwhile, Prime Minister Netanyahu and many of the extremist members of his government — whom Israelis have been protesting for more than a year — continue to incite hatred and violence with dangerous rhetoric.
“This Shabbat, Jewish communities read the story of the crossing of the Red Sea, including the drowning of the Egyptian pursuers. Famously, the midrash imagines God forbidding the angels from celebrating the deaths of the Egyptians, who are God’s creations. While some in Israel may want revenge for the atrocities of October 7, it is crucial to remember that most Gaza residents — like the ordinary Egyptians who suffered under Pharaoh’s rule — are civilians also trapped under a cruel government and that all people are equally creations btzelem Elohim, in the image of God.
“This Shabbat also coincides with International Holocaust Remembrance Day. The ICJ in its current form was established following the Holocaust, along with other international bodies and international laws, in part to ensure that no other people would experience atrocities such as those carried out by the Nazis. While this court is far from perfect, we affirm that it is a necessary institution and essential part of the international legal system.
“The ICJ does not have jurisdiction over Hamas, as a non-state actor, but the international community must find ways to hold Hamas accountable for its war crimes. These crimes include the atrocities of October 7, the continued missile attacks on Israeli civilians, and the placement of military equipment and fighters in civilian structures, including hospitals and schools. Regardless of who starts a war, and regardless of the actions of the other side, all parties must follow the Laws of Armed Conflict and be held accountable when they do not.
“The ICJ was right not to call on Israel alone to cease military action. The best path forward is international support for a negotiated bilateral ceasefire. International intervention is necessary to bring an end to this war and to set Israelis and Palestinians on the path to a political solution that protects the human rights of all.”
About T’ruah: The Rabbinic Call for Human Rights
T’ruah: The Rabbinic Call for Human Rights mobilizes a network of more than 2,300 rabbis and cantors from all streams of Judaism that, together with the Jewish community, act on the Jewish imperative to respect and advance the human rights of all people. Grounded in Torah and our Jewish historical experience and guided by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, we call upon Jews to assert Jewish values by raising our voices and taking concrete steps to protect and expand human rights in North America, Israel, and the occupied Palestinian territories.
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On Aug. 29, 2018, we filed a series of complaints against three American Jewish charities, including the Central Fund of Israel, which has resumed its funding of Honenu. Learn more here.
And on Feb. 25, 2019, we filed a complaint against The Charity of Light Fund, which is based in Lakewood, N.J., and in 2016 sent almost $100,000 to Chasdei Meir/Chemla Fund.
T'ruah has been concerned about this issue for several years, and our August 2018 complaint was a follow-up to successful efforts in 2016, when we achieved a major victory. We complained to the IRS that Honenu—a group that was giving cash payments to Israelis convicted of terrorism and to their families—was receiving tax exempt donations through the Central Fund of Israel, a U.S. foundation. The IRS investigated, and Central Fund of Israel cut off funding to Honenu until the latter ended this practice. Honenu continues to provide legal support for Israelis accused or convicted of terrorism. We believe that this is a legitimate use of funds, as human rights standards dictate that everyone deserves fair legal representation, no matter his or her crime. However, the practice of no-strings-attached cash payments to terrorists crossed a U.S. legal line. The IRS agreed.
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At the same time, we recognize the impact and consequences of Israel’s creation for the Palestinian people, and the many decades of suffering incurred by leaders prioritizing power over people. Since 1967, Israel has maintained a violent military occupation of Palestinian land, violating the human rights of millions each day. To ensure the long-term security, dignity, and prosperity of both Israelis and Palestinians, the occupation must end.
With T’ruah’s support, courageous Jewish clergy draw attention to the injustices done in our name.
Our work includes:
Training and educating current and future American rabbis and cantors to be the moral leaders we need. Over 80% of rabbinical and cantorial students spending their required year in Israel participate in our Year-in-Israel Program, which takes students to see human rights issues with their own eyes and meet the activists working to address them
Running trips to the West Bank for ordained Jewish clergy
Providing educational programming on specific issues and bringing the voices of Israeli and Palestinian activists and human rights experts to our community
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We should ask no less of our communal leaders today.
T’ruah seeks transparency and accountability in how U.S. donor funds are spent in Israel and the occupied Palestinian territories. A "follow the money" approach not only brings transparency to the foreign actors shaping realities on the ground, but has the potential to reduce the funding these groups receive and meaningfully reduce their ability to do harm.
Our work includes:
Ending tax benefits for terrorists.
T'ruah shines light on far-right American Jewish charities that fund Israeli terrorist groups — in direct violation of U.S. law, which forbids tax-exempt dollars from going to terrorist organizations.
Since 2016, T'ruah has filed a series of complaints with the IRS about the Central Fund of Israel (CFI), the Charity of Light Fund, and others.
T’ruah achieved a major victory in 2016, after exposing that Honenu — a group that was giving cash payments to Israelis convicted of terrorism and to their families — was receiving tax exempt donations through the Central Fund of Israel, a U.S. foundation. The IRS investigated, and Central Fund of Israel cut off funding to Honenu until the latter ended this practice.
In 2022, we organized a letter from 19 prominent New York City rabbis to the donor-advised Jewish Communal Fund, warning them that some of their donors' money is making its way to Lehava via CFI. In the past 20 years, JCF has sent over $23 million to the Central Fund of Israel, which in turn funds groups that funnel money to Lehava, a militant offshoot of Kahane Chai, led by Kahanist Rabbi Bentzi Gopstein. As of today, the Jewish Communal Fund has not taken action to ensure their donors' money does not fund terrorism.
Bringing attention to the far-right donors in the U.S. eroding democracy in Israel
From the American billionaires behind the Kohelet Policy Forum — originator of some of Israel's most undemocratic legislation — to the powerful Miami-based Falic family, which funnels cash to Lehava, funds from individual American donors have helped to drive the current attack on Israeli democracy, including the ongoing occupation and the chipping away of basic civil rights. Read our CEO Rabbi Jill Jacobs's op-ed in The Forward: "How did Israeli democracy come under threat? Follow the money."
Monitoring and exposing how American Jewish charities spend U.S. donor funds to promote settlement expansion and occupation.
The American arm of the Jewish National Fund, JNF-USA, is well known for planting trees in Israel. In 2015 and 2016, as part of T'ruah's successful “Transparency in Funding” (also known as “Eifo George,” after the campaign video) campaign, we produced two videos calling on the JNF-USA to be transparent about the fact that a portion of the money it raised went over the Green Line to Jewish settlements in the West Bank.
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Even before Otzma Yehudit's rise to prominence, T'ruah was working to cut off this illegal flow of dollars.
On Aug. 29, 2018, we filed a series of complaints against three American Jewish charities, including the Central Fund of Israel, which has resumed its funding of Honenu. Learn more here.
And on Feb. 25, 2019, we filed a complaint against The Charity of Light Fund, which is based in Lakewood, N.J., and in 2016 sent almost $100,000 to Chasdei Meir/Chemla Fund.
T'ruah has been concerned about this issue for several years, and our August 2018 complaint was a follow-up to successful efforts in 2016, when we achieved a major victory. We complained to the IRS that Honenu—a group that was giving cash payments to Israelis convicted of terrorism and to their families—was receiving tax exempt donations through the Central Fund of Israel, a U.S. foundation. The IRS investigated, and Central Fund of Israel cut off funding to Honenu until the latter ended this practice. Honenu continues to provide legal support for Israelis accused or convicted of terrorism. We believe that this is a legitimate use of funds, as human rights standards dictate that everyone deserves fair legal representation, no matter his or her crime. However, the practice of no-strings-attached cash payments to terrorists crossed a U.S. legal line. The IRS agreed.
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As rabbis and cantors, we care deeply about Israel’s future as a Jewish, democratic state, and as a safe haven for the Jewish people, who have suffered generations of persecution with no country of our own.
At the same time, we recognize the impact and consequences of Israel’s creation for the Palestinian people, and the many decades of suffering incurred by leaders prioritizing power over people. Since 1967, Israel has maintained a violent military occupation of Palestinian land, violating the human rights of millions each day. To ensure the long-term security, dignity, and prosperity of both Israelis and Palestinians, the occupation must end.
With T’ruah’s support, courageous Jewish clergy draw attention to the injustices done in our name.
Our work includes:
Training and educating current and future American rabbis and cantors to be the moral leaders we need. Over 80% of rabbinical and cantorial students spending their required year in Israel participate in our Year-in-Israel Program, which takes students to see human rights issues with their own eyes and meet the activists working to address them
Running trips to the West Bank for ordained Jewish clergy
Providing educational programming on specific issues and bringing the voices of Israeli and Palestinian activists and human rights experts to our community
Organizing rabbis, cantors, and their communities to take action to protect democracy in Israel and to support the human rights of both Israelis and Palestinians
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-Exodus 38:21
According to Midrash, after the Mishkan (Tabernacle) was completed, some Israelites accused Moses of misusing their donations. Moses’ response was a full accounting of every piece of jewelry, gold, and precious stone that the people had offered.
We should ask no less of our communal leaders today.
T’ruah seeks transparency and accountability in how U.S. donor funds are spent in Israel and the occupied Palestinian territories. A "follow the money" approach not only brings transparency to the foreign actors shaping realities on the ground, but has the potential to reduce the funding these groups receive and meaningfully reduce their ability to do harm.
Our work includes:
Ending tax benefits for terrorists.
T'ruah shines light on far-right American Jewish charities that fund Israeli terrorist groups — in direct violation of U.S. law, which forbids tax-exempt dollars from going to terrorist organizations.
Since 2016, T'ruah has filed a series of complaints with the IRS about the Central Fund of Israel (CFI), the Charity of Light Fund, and others.
T’ruah achieved a major victory in 2016, after exposing that Honenu — a group that was giving cash payments to Israelis convicted of terrorism and to their families — was receiving tax exempt donations through the Central Fund of Israel, a U.S. foundation. The IRS investigated, and Central Fund of Israel cut off funding to Honenu until the latter ended this practice.
In 2022, we organized a letter from 19 prominent New York City rabbis to the donor-advised Jewish Communal Fund, warning them that some of their donors' money is making its way to Lehava via CFI. In the past 20 years, JCF has sent over $23 million to the Central Fund of Israel, which in turn funds groups that funnel money to Lehava, a militant offshoot of Kahane Chai, led by Kahanist Rabbi Bentzi Gopstein. As of today, the Jewish Communal Fund has not taken action to ensure their donors' money does not fund terrorism.
Bringing attention to the far-right donors in the U.S. eroding democracy in Israel
From the American billionaires behind the Kohelet Policy Forum — originator of some of Israel's most undemocratic legislation — to the powerful Miami-based Falic family, which funnels cash to Lehava, funds from individual American donors have helped to drive the current attack on Israeli democracy, including the ongoing occupation and the chipping away of basic civil rights. Read our CEO Rabbi Jill Jacobs's op-ed in The Forward: "How did Israeli democracy come under threat? Follow the money."
Monitoring and exposing how American Jewish charities spend U.S. donor funds to promote settlement expansion and occupation.
The American arm of the Jewish National Fund, JNF-USA, is well known for planting trees in Israel. In 2015 and 2016, as part of T'ruah's successful “Transparency in Funding” (also known as “Eifo George,” after the campaign video) campaign, we produced two videos calling on the JNF-USA to be transparent about the fact that a portion of the money it raised went over the Green Line to Jewish settlements in the West Bank.
As a result of our campaign, which was covered in the Forward, Haaretz and elsewhere, JNF-USA began listing its funding in Israel and the West Bank in greater (although not complete) detail on its 990 tax forms.
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This racist movement, made up of numerous far-right, terrorism-promoting groups that share the same leaders and activists as Otzma Yehudit -- receives funding from the United States, through several tax-exempt American Jewish charities. This is in direct violation of U.S. law, which forbids tax-exempt dollars from going to terrorist organizations.
Even before Otzma Yehudit's rise to prominence, T'ruah was working to cut off this illegal flow of dollars.
On Aug. 29, 2018, we filed a series of complaints against three American Jewish charities, including the Central Fund of Israel, which has resumed its funding of Honenu. Learn more here.
And on Feb. 25, 2019, we filed a complaint against The Charity of Light Fund, which is based in Lakewood, N.J., and in 2016 sent almost $100,000 to Chasdei Meir/Chemla Fund.
T'ruah has been concerned about this issue for several years, and our August 2018 complaint was a follow-up to successful efforts in 2016, when we achieved a major victory. We complained to the IRS that Honenu—a group that was giving cash payments to Israelis convicted of terrorism and to their families—was receiving tax exempt donations through the Central Fund of Israel, a U.S. foundation. The IRS investigated, and Central Fund of Israel cut off funding to Honenu until the latter ended this practice. Honenu continues to provide legal support for Israelis accused or convicted of terrorism. We believe that this is a legitimate use of funds, as human rights standards dictate that everyone deserves fair legal representation, no matter his or her crime. However, the practice of no-strings-attached cash payments to terrorists crossed a U.S. legal line. The IRS agreed.
To learn more about these efforts, or to offer legal or other support, e-mail office@truah.org.
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-Isaiah 58:1
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As rabbis and cantors, we care deeply about Israel’s future as a Jewish, democratic state, and as a safe haven for the Jewish people, who have suffered generations of persecution with no country of our own.
At the same time, we recognize the impact and consequences of Israel’s creation for the Palestinian people, and the many decades of suffering incurred by leaders prioritizing power over people. Since 1967, Israel has maintained a violent military occupation of Palestinian land, violating the human rights of millions each day. To ensure the long-term security, dignity, and prosperity of both Israelis and Palestinians, the occupation must end.
With T’ruah’s support, courageous Jewish clergy draw attention to the injustices done in our name.
Our work includes:
Training and educating current and future American rabbis and cantors to be the moral leaders we need. Over 80% of rabbinical and cantorial students spending their required year in Israel participate in our Year-in-Israel Program, which takes students to see human rights issues with their own eyes and meet the activists working to address them
Running trips to the West Bank for ordained Jewish clergy
Providing educational programming on specific issues and bringing the voices of Israeli and Palestinian activists and human rights experts to our community
Organizing rabbis, cantors, and their communities to take action to protect democracy in Israel and to support the human rights of both Israelis and Palestinians
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-Exodus 38:21
According to Midrash, after the Mishkan (Tabernacle) was completed, some Israelites accused Moses of misusing their donations. Moses’ response was a full accounting of every piece of jewelry, gold, and precious stone that the people had offered.
We should ask no less of our communal leaders today.
T’ruah seeks transparency and accountability in how U.S. donor funds are spent in Israel and the occupied Palestinian territories. A "follow the money" approach not only brings transparency to the foreign actors shaping realities on the ground, but has the potential to reduce the funding these groups receive and meaningfully reduce their ability to do harm.
Our work includes:
Ending tax benefits for terrorists.
T'ruah shines light on far-right American Jewish charities that fund Israeli terrorist groups — in direct violation of U.S. law, which forbids tax-exempt dollars from going to terrorist organizations.
Since 2016, T'ruah has filed a series of complaints with the IRS about the Central Fund of Israel (CFI), the Charity of Light Fund, and others.
T’ruah achieved a major victory in 2016, after exposing that Honenu — a group that was giving cash payments to Israelis convicted of terrorism and to their families — was receiving tax exempt donations through the Central Fund of Israel, a U.S. foundation. The IRS investigated, and Central Fund of Israel cut off funding to Honenu until the latter ended this practice.
In 2022, we organized a letter from 19 prominent New York City rabbis to the donor-advised Jewish Communal Fund, warning them that some of their donors' money is making its way to Lehava via CFI. In the past 20 years, JCF has sent over $23 million to the Central Fund of Israel, which in turn funds groups that funnel money to Lehava, a militant offshoot of Kahane Chai, led by Kahanist Rabbi Bentzi Gopstein. As of today, the Jewish Communal Fund has not taken action to ensure their donors' money does not fund terrorism.
Bringing attention to the far-right donors in the U.S. eroding democracy in Israel
From the American billionaires behind the Kohelet Policy Forum — originator of some of Israel's most undemocratic legislation — to the powerful Miami-based Falic family, which funnels cash to Lehava, funds from individual American donors have helped to drive the current attack on Israeli democracy, including the ongoing occupation and the chipping away of basic civil rights. Read our CEO Rabbi Jill Jacobs's op-ed in The Forward: "How did Israeli democracy come under threat? Follow the money."
Monitoring and exposing how American Jewish charities spend U.S. donor funds to promote settlement expansion and occupation.
The American arm of the Jewish National Fund, JNF-USA, is well known for planting trees in Israel. In 2015 and 2016, as part of T'ruah's successful “Transparency in Funding” (also known as “Eifo George,” after the campaign video) campaign, we produced two videos calling on the JNF-USA to be transparent about the fact that a portion of the money it raised went over the Green Line to Jewish settlements in the West Bank.
As a result of our campaign, which was covered in the Forward, Haaretz and elsewhere, JNF-USA began listing its funding in Israel and the West Bank in greater (although not complete) detail on its 990 tax forms.
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This racist movement, made up of numerous far-right, terrorism-promoting groups that share the same leaders and activists as Otzma Yehudit -- receives funding from the United States, through several tax-exempt American Jewish charities. This is in direct violation of U.S. law, which forbids tax-exempt dollars from going to terrorist organizations.
Even before Otzma Yehudit's rise to prominence, T'ruah was working to cut off this illegal flow of dollars.
On Aug. 29, 2018, we filed a series of complaints against three American Jewish charities, including the Central Fund of Israel, which has resumed its funding of Honenu. Learn more here.
And on Feb. 25, 2019, we filed a complaint against The Charity of Light Fund, which is based in Lakewood, N.J., and in 2016 sent almost $100,000 to Chasdei Meir/Chemla Fund.
T'ruah has been concerned about this issue for several years, and our August 2018 complaint was a follow-up to successful efforts in 2016, when we achieved a major victory. We complained to the IRS that Honenu—a group that was giving cash payments to Israelis convicted of terrorism and to their families—was receiving tax exempt donations through the Central Fund of Israel, a U.S. foundation. The IRS investigated, and Central Fund of Israel cut off funding to Honenu until the latter ended this practice. Honenu continues to provide legal support for Israelis accused or convicted of terrorism. We believe that this is a legitimate use of funds, as human rights standards dictate that everyone deserves fair legal representation, no matter his or her crime. However, the practice of no-strings-attached cash payments to terrorists crossed a U.S. legal line. The IRS agreed.
To learn more about these efforts, or to offer legal or other support, e-mail office@truah.org.
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[description] => "Cry with a full throat without restraint; Raise your voice like a shofar!"
-Isaiah 58:1
Our approach to ending the occupation is grounded in human rights and a belief that all Israelis and Palestinians are created b’tzelem Elohim, in the image of the Divine, and should be treated with dignity and compassion.
As rabbis and cantors, we care deeply about Israel’s future as a Jewish, democratic state, and as a safe haven for the Jewish people, who have suffered generations of persecution with no country of our own.
At the same time, we recognize the impact and consequences of Israel’s creation for the Palestinian people, and the many decades of suffering incurred by leaders prioritizing power over people. Since 1967, Israel has maintained a violent military occupation of Palestinian land, violating the human rights of millions each day. To ensure the long-term security, dignity, and prosperity of both Israelis and Palestinians, the occupation must end.
With T’ruah’s support, courageous Jewish clergy draw attention to the injustices done in our name.
Our work includes:
Training and educating current and future American rabbis and cantors to be the moral leaders we need. Over 80% of rabbinical and cantorial students spending their required year in Israel participate in our Year-in-Israel Program, which takes students to see human rights issues with their own eyes and meet the activists working to address them
Running trips to the West Bank for ordained Jewish clergy
Providing educational programming on specific issues and bringing the voices of Israeli and Palestinian activists and human rights experts to our community
Organizing rabbis, cantors, and their communities to take action to protect democracy in Israel and to support the human rights of both Israelis and Palestinians
Partners:
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[description] => "These are the records of the Mishkan, the Tabernacle of the Pact, which were drawn up at Moses’ bidding..."
-Exodus 38:21
According to Midrash, after the Mishkan (Tabernacle) was completed, some Israelites accused Moses of misusing their donations. Moses’ response was a full accounting of every piece of jewelry, gold, and precious stone that the people had offered.
We should ask no less of our communal leaders today.
T’ruah seeks transparency and accountability in how U.S. donor funds are spent in Israel and the occupied Palestinian territories. A "follow the money" approach not only brings transparency to the foreign actors shaping realities on the ground, but has the potential to reduce the funding these groups receive and meaningfully reduce their ability to do harm.
Our work includes:
Ending tax benefits for terrorists.
T'ruah shines light on far-right American Jewish charities that fund Israeli terrorist groups — in direct violation of U.S. law, which forbids tax-exempt dollars from going to terrorist organizations.
Since 2016, T'ruah has filed a series of complaints with the IRS about the Central Fund of Israel (CFI), the Charity of Light Fund, and others.
T’ruah achieved a major victory in 2016, after exposing that Honenu — a group that was giving cash payments to Israelis convicted of terrorism and to their families — was receiving tax exempt donations through the Central Fund of Israel, a U.S. foundation. The IRS investigated, and Central Fund of Israel cut off funding to Honenu until the latter ended this practice.
In 2022, we organized a letter from 19 prominent New York City rabbis to the donor-advised Jewish Communal Fund, warning them that some of their donors' money is making its way to Lehava via CFI. In the past 20 years, JCF has sent over $23 million to the Central Fund of Israel, which in turn funds groups that funnel money to Lehava, a militant offshoot of Kahane Chai, led by Kahanist Rabbi Bentzi Gopstein. As of today, the Jewish Communal Fund has not taken action to ensure their donors' money does not fund terrorism.
Bringing attention to the far-right donors in the U.S. eroding democracy in Israel
From the American billionaires behind the Kohelet Policy Forum — originator of some of Israel's most undemocratic legislation — to the powerful Miami-based Falic family, which funnels cash to Lehava, funds from individual American donors have helped to drive the current attack on Israeli democracy, including the ongoing occupation and the chipping away of basic civil rights. Read our CEO Rabbi Jill Jacobs's op-ed in The Forward: "How did Israeli democracy come under threat? Follow the money."
Monitoring and exposing how American Jewish charities spend U.S. donor funds to promote settlement expansion and occupation.
The American arm of the Jewish National Fund, JNF-USA, is well known for planting trees in Israel. In 2015 and 2016, as part of T'ruah's successful “Transparency in Funding” (also known as “Eifo George,” after the campaign video) campaign, we produced two videos calling on the JNF-USA to be transparent about the fact that a portion of the money it raised went over the Green Line to Jewish settlements in the West Bank.
As a result of our campaign, which was covered in the Forward, Haaretz and elsewhere, JNF-USA began listing its funding in Israel and the West Bank in greater (although not complete) detail on its 990 tax forms.
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Israel Campaigns
